Out of all process equipment, reactor design requires the most process input data: reaction enthalpies, phase-equilibrium constants, heat and mass transfer coefficients, as well as reaction rate constants. The design of the reactor should not be carried out separately from the overall process design due to the significant impact on capital and operating costs on other parts of the process (Towler and Sinnott, 2013). More information on stirred tanks can be found in the Mixing section. Continuously Stirred Tank Reactor (Towler and Sinnott, 2013) Some of the material the enters the reactor can leave immediately, while some leaves much later, so there is a broad distribution in residence time as shown in Figure 1.įigure 1.
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The material balance across the CSTR is given by:
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Therefore the fluid leaving the reactor is at the same temperature and concentration as the fluid inside the reactor. In a CSTR, shown in Figure 1, there is no spatial variation- the entire vessel contents are at the same temperature, pressure, and concentration. The stirred tank reactor models a large scale conventional laboratory flask and can be considered to be the basic chemical reactor. This equation can be integrated along the length of the reactor to yield relationships between reactor resident time and concentration or conversion. Where M = molar flow rate, dV is the incremental volume, and is the rate of reaction per unit volume. All materials hav the same residence time, τ, and experience the same temperature and concentration profiles along the reactor. When production volumes are relatively small and/or the chemistry is relatively complex, batch processing provides an important means of quality control.Ī PFR with tubular geometry has perfect radial mixing but no axial mixing. Products are removed from the reactor after the reaction has proceeded to completion.īatch processes are suitable for small-scale production (less than 1,000,000 lb/yr) and for processes where several different products or grades are to be produced in the same equipment (Douglas, 1988). Additional reagents may be added as the reaction proceeds, and changes in temperature may also be made. The compositions change with time, but there is no flow through the process. In a batch reactor, the reagents are added together and allowed to react for a given amount of time. It is important to ensure that the equipment specified will be capable of achieving the desired yields and selectivity. Reactor design is a vital step in the overall design of a process. The center of any chemical process is the reactor, where chemical reactions are carried out to transform feeds into products.
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2.1.4 Heat and Mass Transfer Properties.2.1.3 Reaction Mechanisms, Rate Equations, and Rate Constants.
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2.1.2 Equilibrium Constant and Gibbs Free Energy.
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